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HOLD HARMLESS & INDEMNIFY

Shifting Risk


Hold harmless and indemnity provisions are used to shift risk from one party to another. They can be beneficial or harmful to an association depending on how they are used. They are commonly found in:

  • Governing Documents. CC&Rs and bylaws commonly contain language shifting liability for negligent acts from volunteers to the association. Without such provisions, it would be difficult or impossible to find volunteers.
  • Contracts. When used in contracts, they can be harmful to associations if improperly drafted.
  • Covenants. Recorded maintenance covenants between the association and a homeowner who modifies common area elements often contain hold harmless and indemnity provisions from injury or damage caused by the alterations.
  • Facility Rental Agreements. Common area rental agreements by members to use the clubhouse, pool, open space area, etc. for private events normally contain hold harmless and indemnity provisions protecting the association from liability in the event someone is injured.

Hold Harmless Provisions


A "hold harmless" or "liability waiver" provision in a contract is an agreement between the parties whereby one or both parties agree not to hold the other party responsible for any loss, damage, or legal liability that may arise under the agreement. In other words, the two parties cannot sue each other for any damage they may suffer due to the negligence of the other party. Hold harmless provisions are often combined with indemnity language. Following is an example: "Contractor shall indemnify, defend (by counsel reasonably acceptable to Association) and hold harmless the Association and its officers, directors, agents and employees from and against claims, damages, losses and expenses, including but not limited to attorneys' fees, arising out of or resulting from the negligence or misconduct of Contractor in connection with performance of the work described in this Agreement."

Indemnity Provisions


o "indemnify" is to protect against or reimburse for damage, injury or loss. Typically, an association's governing documents will indemnify officers and directors against expenses, judgments, fines, settlements and attorneys' fees reasonably incurred in connection with any threatened or actual civil or criminal proceedings. In civil proceedings, officers and directors may be indemnified if they acted in good faith and in a manner reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the association. In the case of criminal proceedings, they may be indemnified if they had no reasonable cause to believe their conduct was unlawful. (Corp. Code § 7237.)

Are the words “indemnify” and “hold harmless” synonymous? No. One is offensive and the other is defensive—even though both contemplate third-party liability situations. “Indemnify” is an offensive right—a sword—allowing harmless” is defensive: The right not to be bothered by the other party itself seeking indemnification. (Queen Villas Homeowners Assn, v TCB Property Management, (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 1, 9.)

Exculpatory Language


Exculpatory language relieves a party from liability under certain conditions. The enforceability of exculpatory language in CC&Rs is unclear. Following is an example: "Neither the Association nor the Board of Directors shall be liable for damages to any Owner resulting from water which may leak or flow from outside of any unit or from any part of the building by reason of a mistake in judgment or negligence." A leading case on such provisions noted that "The law has traditionally viewed with disfavor attempts to secure insulation from one's own negligence or willful misconduct, and such provisions are strictly construed against the person relying on them." (Franklin v. Marie Antoinette.) The court looked at the narrow issue of whether a non-negligent association may contractually shift the risk of loss to the condominium owner and concluded that the contractual allocation of risk was reasonable and fair to the condominium owners as a whole. The court noted that:

By reducing the Association's risk of liability, the condominium owners have reduced their own risk. The condominium owners are, after all, the ones who are assessed to pay for improvements, insurance premiums, liability judgments not covered by insurance, and the like. Plaintiff is only one of many owners who collectively entered into the contract (CC&Rs) with the Association. A reasonable and fair reduction of the Association's risk which mutually benefits the condominium owners as a whole does not suddenly become violative of public policy upon the non-negligent infliction of property damage to an individual unit. (Franklin v. Marie Antoinette.)

Another case involving homeowner associations, stated the following:

...the California Supreme Court has evinced a clear policy of enforcing only those exculpatory provisions which do not affect “the public interest.” Factors to be considered in determining whether a business or transaction affects a public interest include: (a) whether the matter is suitable for public regulation; (b) whether the party provides a service of importance to the public; (c) whether the party invoking it possesses a bargaining advantage against any member of the public who seeks such service; (d) and whether one party is particularly subject to the other's control and the risk of his or her carelessness.

...we view the Association of homeowners as occupying a particularly elevated position of trust because of the many interests it monitors and services it performs. Therefore, we hold that the exculpatory provisions contained in the Declaration constitute no bar to suit against the Association. (Cohen v. Kite Hill at page 654-655.)

Generally Enforceable. Generally, a clause exempting a party from liability for that party's own negligence is enforceable, absent a specific public interest or statutory exception. These types of exculpatory clauses have been upheld in numerous contexts. For example, in Randas v. YMCA 0/ Metropolitan Los Angeles (1993), 17 Cal.App.4th 158, the court upheld an exculpatory clause in the context of a swimming pool accident at a YMCA swimming pool. In Platzer v. Mammoth Mountain Ski Area (2002), 104 Cal.App.4th 1253, the court upheld the validity of an exculpatory clause in the context of chair lift accident at a ski resort. In the older case of Werner v. Knoll (1948), an exculpatory clause was upheld in the context of a lease agreement between a tenant farmer and a landowner. More recently, an exculpatory clause was upheld in a drilling contract. CAZA Drilling (California), Inc. v. TEG Oil & Gas USA, Inc. (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 453. As noted in 1 Witkin, Summary o/California Law 10th Ed. (2005), Section 660 at 737-38: "The present view is that a contract exempting liability for ordinary negligence is valid where no public interest is involved and no statute expressly prohibits it."

Recommendation: Even though the law is unsettled, associations should include reasonable exculpatory language in their CC&Rs when they amend or restate their documents.

ASSISTANCE: Associations needing legal assistance can contact us. To stay current with issues affecting community associations, subscribe to the Davis-Stirling Newsletter.

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